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The diagnosis of the mean quadratic magnetic field of Ap stars
Aims.We assess the validity of the method of determination of the meanquadratic field modulus and we explore its limits. Methods.Weanalyse high spectral resolution, high signal-to-noise spectra of a fewAp stars, and of a superficially normal main-sequence A star, recordedover a broad wavelength range with EMMI at the NTT.Results.Weintroduce a revised form of the regression equation describing thedependence of the second-order moment of the line profiles about theircentre, in natural light, on various parameters of the correspondingtransitions. We show that interpretation of the observed dependencesallows one to determine the mean quadratic magnetic field modulus of thestudied stars, and their v sin i. We explain why the contributions tothe quadratic field of the mean square magnetic field modulus and of themean square longitudinal field cannot in general be disentangled. Forthose stars of the sample that have resolved magnetically split lines,we show that the derived values of the quadratic field are mostlyconsistent with the values of the mean longitudinal magnetic field andof the mean magnetic field modulus at the observed phase. However thereare some hints that they may occasionally slightly underestimate theactual field. This suggests that the method is unlikely to yieldspurious field detections. In addition, we illustrate the importance forthis type of analyses of using, as far as possible, samples of lines ofa single ion, and to specify in the presentation of the results whichion was used.Conclusions.The results presented in this paper lendstrong support to the validity of the quadratic field diagnostic methodto obtain a realistic quantitative characterisation of the magneticfields Ap and related stars.
| Catalog of Galactic β Cephei Stars
We present an extensive and up-to-date catalog of Galactic β Cepheistars. This catalog is intended to give a comprehensive overview ofobservational characteristics of all known β Cephei stars, coveringinformation until 2004 June. Ninety-three stars could be confirmed to beβ Cephei stars. We use data from more than 250 papers publishedover the last nearly 100 years, and we provide over 45 notes onindividual stars. For some stars we reanalyzed published data orconducted our own analyses. Sixty-one stars were rejected from the finalβ Cephei list, and 77 stars are suspected to be β Cepheistars. A list of critically selected pulsation frequencies for confirmedβ Cephei stars is also presented.We analyze the β Cephei stars as a group, such as the distributionsof their spectral types, projected rotational velocities, radialvelocities, pulsation periods, and Galactic coordinates. We confirm thatthe majority of the β Cephei stars are multiperiodic pulsators. Weshow that, besides two exceptions, the β Cephei stars with highpulsation amplitudes are slow rotators. Those higher amplitude starshave angular rotational velocities in the same range as thehigh-amplitude δ Scuti stars (Prot>~3 days).We construct a theoretical HR diagram that suggests that almost all 93β Cephei stars are main-sequence objects. We discuss theobservational boundaries of β Cephei pulsation and the physicalparameters of the stars. We corroborate that the excited pulsation modesare near to the radial fundamental mode in frequency and we show thatthe mass distribution of the stars peaks at 12 Msolar. Wepoint out that the theoretical instability strip of the β Cepheistars is filled neither at the cool nor at the hot end and attempt toexplain this observation.
| A catalog of stellar magnetic rotational phase curves
Magnetized stars usually exhibit periodic variations of the effective(longitudinal) magnetic field Be caused by their rotation. Wepresent a catalog of magnetic rotational phase curves, Be vs.the rotational phase φ, and tables of their parameters for 136stars on the main sequence and above it. Phase curves were obtained bythe least squares fitting of sine wave or double wave functions to theavailable Be measurements, which were compiled from theexisting literature. Most of the catalogued objects are chemicallypeculiar A and B type stars (127 stars). For some stars we also improvedor determined periods of their rotation. We discuss the distribution ofparameters describing magnetic rotational phase curves in our sample.All tables and Appendix A are only available in electronic form athttp://www.edpsciences.org
| The Carina Spiral Feature: Strömgren-Hβ photometry approach. I. The photometric data-base
A data-base collating all uvbybeta photometry available at present forO-B9 stars brighter than 10th visual magnitude in the field of theCarina Spiral Feature is presented. The completeness and homogeneity ofthe data-base are discussed.Based on CDS data.Table 1 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/410/523
| Catalogue of averaged stellar effective magnetic fields. I. Chemically peculiar A and B type stars
This paper presents the catalogue and the method of determination ofaveraged quadratic effective magnetic fields < B_e > for 596 mainsequence and giant stars. The catalogue is based on measurements of thestellar effective (or mean longitudinal) magnetic field strengths B_e,which were compiled from the existing literature.We analysed the properties of 352 chemically peculiar A and B stars inthe catalogue, including Am, ApSi, He-weak, He-rich, HgMn, ApSrCrEu, andall ApSr type stars. We have found that the number distribution of allchemically peculiar (CP) stars vs. averaged magnetic field strength isdescribed by a decreasing exponential function. Relations of this typehold also for stars of all the analysed subclasses of chemicalpeculiarity. The exponential form of the above distribution function canbreak down below about 100 G, the latter value representingapproximately the resolution of our analysis for A type stars.Table A.1 and its references are only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/407/631 and Tables 3 to 9are only available in electronic form at http://www.edpsciences.org
| Statistics of the Instability Strip of β Cephei Stars
We present a study of the β Cephei instability strip based on asample of 49 stars of this type. After deriving their effectivetemperatures and luminosities from their observed (B-V), (U-B) colorsand parallaxes we find their positions in the HR diagram to be mostlyconfined to the main sequence, and their masses to lie between 7Mȯ and 30 Mȯ. Their distribution on theHR diagram matches well with our previous theoretical instability stripwhich has an upper bound in the luminosity and rather tight boundariesin the effective temperature.
| A statistical analysis of the magnetic structure of CP stars
We present the results of a statistical study of the magnetic structureof upper main sequence chemically peculiar stars. We have modelled asample of 34 stars, assuming that the magnetic morphology is describedby the superposition of a dipole and a quadrupole field, arbitrarilyoriented. In order to interpret the modelling results, we haveintroduced a novel set of angles that provides one with a convenient wayto represent the mutual orientation of the quadrupolar component, thedipolar component, and the rotation axis. Some of our results aresimilar to what has already been found in previous studies, e.g., thatthe inclination of the dipole axis to the rotation axis is usually largefor short-period stars and small for long-period ones - see Landstreet& Mathys (\cite{Landstreet2000}). We also found that forshort-period stars (approximately P<10 days) the plane containing thetwo unit vectors that characterise the quadrupole is almost coincidentwith the plane containing the stellar rotation axis and the dipole axis.Long-period stars seem to be preferentially characterised by aquadrupole orientation such that the planes just mentioned areperpendicular. There is also some loose indication of a continuoustransition between the two classes of stars with increasing rotationalperiod.
| He, CNO abundances and v sin i values in He-rich stars
We present projected rotational velocities distribution in He-rich starsagainst normal B type stars as well as the abundance analysis of lightelements and their comparison with results of earlier series. Theanalysis is based on high-resolution observations (R=40000) collected atESO, La Silla, Chile in the optical region and includes 11 stars,amongst them 5 new stars in comparison with an earlier sample. Thedistribution of projected rotational velocities shows a significantexcess of slow rotators, no He-rich stars having v sin i > 130 km/sat the significance level of 99.5%. Based on fully consistent LTEmodels, the helium abundance ranges from 0.1 (solar) to 0.4. Theanalysis on the new sample confirms the results of earlier paper: thelight element abundances display a diverse pattern from under-solar upto above-solar values. Carbon has the same abundance in He-rich and instandard stars for cool He-rich stars, following the predictions ofradiative diffusion in the presence of wind. The star HD149363 appearsrather as He-weak as based on the equivalent widths from R=40 000spectra.
| Fractionated stellar wind and the H/He abundance anomalies in BP stars
Radiatively driven winds occur in all main sequence stars (Babel\cite{Bab1}, \cite{Bab2}). However, due to the weak coupling between thephoton absorbing metals and the inert elements H and He, the wind in thelow temperature domain is fractionated: He decouples from the wind atT_eff < 25 000 K, and below 17 000 K even H. The decoupled elementsfall back to the surface of the star thus creating overabundances andabundance stratifications. These anomalies, however, become manifestonly if atmospheric turbulence is suppressed (say by magnetic fields).In order to prove the validity of the described scenario, all B_p starsfor which reliable fundamental parameters exist, are discussed on thebasis of the (augmented) (g, T_eff)-diagram of Babel (\cite{Bab2}). Itis shown that the fractionation process is able to explain the observedtemperature sequence of He-rich and He-poor stars, additionally toclassical diffusion processes. A necessary condition is that a magneticfield is present. This explains why only a fraction of B stars exhibitsH/He anomalies. While classical diffusion operates in the quiet zones(no wind) of a star, fractionation takes place above the wind bases.
| Open clusters with Hipparcos. I. Mean astrometric parameters
New memberships, mean parallaxes and proper motions of all 9 openclusters closer than 300 pc (except the Hyades) and 9rich clusters between 300 and 500 pc have been computed using Hipparcosdata. Precisions, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mas for parallaxes and 0.1 to0.5 mas/yr for proper motions, are of great interest for calibratingphotometric parallaxes as well as for kinematical studies. Carefulinvestigations of possible biases have been performed and no evidence ofsignificant systematic errors on the mean cluster parallaxes has beenfound. The distances and proper motions of 32 more distant clusters,which may be used statistically, are also indicated. Based onobservations made with the ESA Hipparcos astrometry satellite
| Properties of He-rich stars. II. CNO abundances and projected rotational velocities
We present an abundance analysis of light elements in the most massivechemically peculiar (CP) stars, He-rich stars. The analysis is based onboth low and high-resolution observations collected at ESO, La Silla,Chile in the optical region and includes 6 standard and 21 He-richstars. Light element abundances display a diverse pattern fromunder-solar up to above-solar values. Carbon is found underabundant inthe hottest He-rich stars and normal in the coolest ones, according tothe LTE model predictions. The distribution of projected rotationalvelocities shows a significant excess of slow rotators, no He-rich starshaving vsin i > 130 km s(-1) . Based on observations collected at theEuropean Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile (programmes 7-043 and7-010 of periods 49 and 50 resp.)
| Modelling of magnetic fields of CP stars. II. Analysis of longitudinal field, crossover, and quadratic field observations
In recent years, the introduction and systematic application of newdiagnostic techniques has enormously increased the opportunities toinvestigate magnetic fields of chemically peculiar (CP) stars. Toapproach the problem of modelling these fields, in previous papers weset up a theory aimed at describing the magnetic configuration due tothe superposition of a dipole with an arbitrary quadrupole. The presentwork is a first application of this theory to spectro-polarimetricobservations of Stokes I and V. We have attempted to model nine magneticCP stars by analysing their curves of longitudinal field, crossover andquadratic field. We found that the classical dipolar model is adequatein only one case, while in six cases it should definitely be ruled out.For two stars a specific dipole plus quadrupole model has beenrecovered.
| On the HIPPARCOS photometry of chemically peculiar B, A, and F stars
The Hipparcos photometry of the Chemically Peculiar main sequence B, A,and F stars is examined for variability. Some non-magnetic CP stars,Mercury-Manganese and metallic-line stars, which according to canonicalwisdom should not be variable, may be variable and are identified forfurther study. Some potentially important magnetic CP stars are noted.Tables 1, 2, and 3 are available only in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The HR-diagram from HIPPARCOS data. Absolute magnitudes and kinematics of BP - AP stars
The HR-diagram of about 1000 Bp - Ap stars in the solar neighbourhoodhas been constructed using astrometric data from Hipparcos satellite aswell as photometric and radial velocity data. The LM method\cite{luri95,luri96} allows the use of proper motion and radial velocitydata in addition to the trigonometric parallaxes to obtain luminositycalibrations and improved distances estimates. Six types of Bp - Apstars have been examined: He-rich, He-weak, HgMn, Si, Si+ and SrCrEu.Most Bp - Ap stars lie on the main sequence occupying the whole width ofit (about 2 mag), just like normal stars in the same range of spectraltypes. Their kinematic behaviour is typical of thin disk stars youngerthan about 1 Gyr. A few stars found to be high above the galactic planeor to have a high velocity are briefly discussed. Based on data from theESA Hipparcos astrometry satellite and photometric data collected in theGeneva system at ESO, La Silla (Chile) and at Jungfraujoch andGornergrat Observatories (Switzerland). Tables 3 and 4 are onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Light element abundances in He-rich stars
We present an abundance analysis of light elements in He-rich stars. Theanalysis is based on both low and high resolution observations collectedat ESO, La Silla, Chile in the optical region and includes 6 standardsand 21 He-rich stars. Light-element abundances display a diversepattern: they range from under-solar up to above-solar values.
| Stromgren and Hβ photometry of OB stars in the region of the Carina Spiral Feature
Stromgren and Hβ photometry of 130 stars in the Carina section ofthe Milky Way is presented. The color excesses and the distances of allstars are obtained. A good agreement is found between the CM and HRdiagrams and the spatial distribution of these stars. Tables 1, 2, 4 and5 are only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to130.79.128.5 or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The observed periods of AP and BP stars
A catalogue of all the periods up to now proposed for the variations ofCP2, CP3, and CP4 stars is presented. The main identifiers (HD and HR),the proper name, the variable-star name, and the spectral type andpeculiarity are given for each star as far as the coordinates at 2000.0and the visual magnitude. The nature of the observed variations (light,spectrum, magnetic field, etc.) is presented in a codified way. Thecatalogue is arranged in three tables: the bulk of the data, i.e. thosereferring to CP2, CP3, and CP4 stars, are given in Table 1, while thedata concerning He-strong stars are given in Table 2 and those foreclipsing or ellipsoidal variables are collected in Table 3. Notes arealso provided at the end of each table, mainly about duplicities. Thecatalogue contains data on 364 CP stars and is updated to 1996, October31. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS,Strasbourg, France.
| Age variation of helium abundance in He-rich stars.
Not Available
| A catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations: 1996 edition
A fifth Edition of the Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations is presentedherewith. It contains 5946 determinations for 3247 stars, including 751stars in 84 associations, clusters or galaxies. The literature iscomplete up to December 1995. The 700 bibliographical referencescorrespond to [Fe/H] determinations obtained from high resolutionspectroscopic observations and detailed analyses, most of them carriedout with the help of model-atmospheres. The Catalogue is made up ofthree formatted files: File 1: field stars, File 2: stars in galacticassociations and clusters, and stars in SMC, LMC, M33, File 3: numberedlist of bibliographical references The three files are only available inelectronic form at the Centre de Donnees Stellaires in Strasbourg, viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5), or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Properties of He-rich stars. I. Their evolutionary state and helium abundance.
A determination of the surface gravity and an abundance analysis ofhelium in a sample of 17 He-rich and 5 normal, reference stars ispresented. These results are derived from low resolution CCD spectra,but each star was measured at least 6 times in order to obtain asignificant average spectrum for the spectroscopic variables. The heliumabundances derived from the models used are very close to 0.1 fornormal, reference stars and are larger for the others, clearlyindicating the He-rich phenomenon in them. NLTE effects, errors on themicroturbulence value or on the surface gravity do not influence theestimated helium abundances. Nevertheless, synthesized Geneva coloursare affected by the He-rich peculiarity, especially the [U-B] indexwhich systematically changes by -0.025 mag per 0.1 of He abundance forthe coolest stars in the sample. We cannot confirm the correlationbetween the evolutionary state and the helium abundance reportedpreviously (Zboril et al. 1994, International Conference on CP andMagnetic Stars.", Tatranska Lomnica, eds. J. Zverko and J. Ziznovsky, p.105), although we used a more reliable technique of log(g)determination. All He-rich objects lie within the main sequence: theirsurface gravities are all inside the range 4.1
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Note on the radial velocities of 10 southern stars.
Echelle spectrograms of the stars HD 55857, 57219, 62623, 83058, 84400,86087, 86523, 89461, 90898, 96446 have been obtained in 1991 as part ofan investigation of stars previously classified as both chemicallypeculiar and high luminosity B and A stars. Radial velocity measurementsfor HD 83058, 84400 and 86087 are internally discordant and should berepeated. In the case of HD 55857, 57219, 62623 and 96466 the resultsare in fair agreement with earlier measurements but for HD 86523 ourresult is substantially different from the earlier ones. For HD 89461and 90898 no comparison with other sources was available. With nofurther observational opportunities in view (due to increasing demand ontelescopes), these preliminary results are presented here.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. V. The mean quadratic magnetic field.
Systematic determinations of the mean quadratic magnetic field of Apstars have been performed for the first time. The mean quadraticmagnetic field (or, in short, the quadratic field) is the square root ofthe sum of the mean square magnetic field modulus and of the mean squarelongitudinal magnetic field. The latter are averages over the visiblestellar disk of the square of, respectively, the modulus of the magneticfield and its component along the line of sight. These averages areweighted by the local emergent line intensities. The quadratic field isdiagnosed from the study of the magnetic broadening of the stellarspectral lines as observed in unpolarized light, through thecharacterization of the widths of the lines by the second-order momentsof their profiles (in the Stokes parameter I) about their centre. Thetheoretical basis of the interpretation of these moments in terms ofmagnetic field and the strategy followed in the analysis are presented.It is shown that this analysis yields, as a by-product, the projectedequatorial velocity v_e_sini of the studied stars. Observations of asample of 29 stars are analyzed. For 22 of them, meaningful values orupper limits of the quadratic field can be determined. The lower limitof detection of the quadratic fields, set by the spectral resolution ofthe observations, is of the order of 5 kG. The observed quadratic fieldsrange from this value up to 37 kG, in the star HD 137509. The magneticfield of this star is likely the second strongest known field in Apstars. Quadratic field values derived for stars where resolvedmagnetically split lines are observed in higher-dispersion spectra areconsistent with the values of the mean field modulus measured in thosestars from the line splitting. For the stars of the sample repeatedlyobserved through their rotation cycle, the variations of the quadraticfield are well represented by a cosine with the rotation frequency ofthe star, or by the superposition of such a cosine and of a cosine withtwice that frequency. However, it appears that it is essential to have alarge number of observations distributed sufficiently uniformly andsufficiently densely over the rotation phases to determine unambiguouslythe shape of the variations. The extrema of the quadratic field tend tooccur at phases close to those of the extrema of the longitudinal field,but in some stars, the two quantities definitely vary out of phase. Theratio between the maximum and the minimum of the quadratic field isalways smaller than 1.7.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. IV. The crossover effect.
This paper is devoted to the study of the crossover effect in magneticAp stars. It is shown that this effect can be measured by the secondorder moment about their centre of the profiles of spectral linesrecorded in the Stokes parameter V. The interpretation of thesemeasurements in terms of magnetic field is developed. It is shown thatone can derive from them a quantity called the mean asymmetry of thelongitudinal magnetic field, which is the first moment of the componentof the magnetic field along the line of sight, about the plane definedby the line of sight and the stellar rotation axis. The consistency ofthe determination of this quantity with that of the mean longitudinalmagnetic field from measurements of wavelength shifts of lines betweenright and left circular polarization is demonstrated. This technique ofanalysis is applied to observations of a sample of 29 stars, among which10 have a detectable crossover effect. For 8 of them, the availableobservational data allow the study of the variations of the asymmetry ofthe longitudinal field with rotation phase. In most cases, thisvariation is sinusoidal and essentially symmetric about 0, and it occursin quadrature with the variation of the mean longitudinal field. A morecomplex behaviour is definitely observed in HD 147010 and HD 175362,where the variation of the asymmetry of the longitudinal field is betterrepresented by the superposition of two sinusoids, one with the rotationfrequency of the star, and the other with twice that frequency.
| Spectropolarimetry of magnetic stars. III. Measurement uncertainties.
The estimation of the uncertainties affecting the determination ofvarious parameters characterizing spectral line profiles recorded inStokes I and V that are used in the diagnosis of stellar magnetic fieldsthrough the moment technique is described. Simple statisticalconsiderations are presented, to demonstrate that the errors areproperly assessed and to illustrate how their evaluation can beexploited to derive information about the physical properties of thestudied stars. It is shown that taking these uncertainties properly intoaccount allows one to achieve better determination of the meanlongitudinal magnetic field. Improved values of the latter are derivedfor observations already analysed in earlier work. The approach sketchedin this paper is intended as a basis for future studies of magneticfields of Ap stars.
| An IUE survey of interstellar H I LY alpha absorption. 1: Column densities
We measure Galactic interstellar neutral hydrogen column densities byanalyzing archival interstellar Ly alpha absorption line data toward 554B2 and hotter stars observed at high resolution with the IUE satellite.This study more than doubles the number of lines of sight with measuresof N(H I) based on Ly alpha. We have included the scattered lightbackground correction algorithm of Bianchi and Bohlin in our datareduction. We use the correlation between the Balmer discontinuity(c1) index and the stellar Ly alpha absorption in order toassess the effects of stellar Ly alpha contamination. Approximately 40%of the B stars with measured (c1) index, exhibit seriousstellar Ly alpha contamination. One table contains the derived values ofthe interstellar N(H I) for 393 stars with at most small amounts ofstellar contamination. Another lists the observed values of total N(H I)for 161 stars with suspected stellar Ly alpha contamination and/oruncertain stellar parameters.
| Incidence of X-ray sources among magnetic chemically peculiar stars
Cash & Snow (1982) and Golub et al. (1983) have detected X-rayemission from 3 out of 7 observed magnetic chemically peculiar (CP)stars. Although the incidence of X-ray sources apparently is very high,these authors concluded that such emission is not unquestionable becauseof the presence of a companion. To determine the incidence of X-raysources among hot CP stars, I have checked the list of B-type starsmeasured by Grillo et al. (1992) selecting 90 stars. Of the 4 magneticCP stars showing X-ray emission 3 are members of a binary system. Thusit appears that detectable X-ray emission from magnetic CP stars is notvery common and still questionable. To find out whether HD 37017presents X-ray emission (Drake et al. 1987) or not (Grillo et al. 1992),I have analyzed an HRI frame from the ROSAT satellite finding noevidence for X-ray emission at this star's position.
| Catalogue of CP stars with references to short time scale variability
A catalogue was compiled which contains all references in the literaturesince 1962 related to variations of CP stars on time scales shorter thanthe rotation period. The role of this catalogue lies in the unbiasedlisting of all available references, and not in a critical evaluation.
| The He-strong star HD 96446: oblique rotator or pulsating magnetic variable?
Not Available
| A new list of effective temperatures of chemically peculiar stars. II.
Not Available
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Группы:
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Наблюдательные данные и астрометрия
| Созвездие: | Киль |
| Прямое восхождение: | 11h06m05.82s |
| Склонение: | -59°56'59.6" |
| Видимая звёздная величина: | 6.666 |
| Расстояние: | 534.759 парсек |
| Собственное движение RA: | -11.2 |
| Собственное движение Dec: | 3.8 |
| B-T magnitude: | 6.504 |
| V-T magnitude: | 6.653 |
Каталоги и обозначения:
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